Guangdong Authorities Arrest Labor Rights Advocates

January 21, 2016

On December 3, 2015, public security officials detained at least 18 labor rights advocates affiliated with several labor non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Guangdong province. As of January 9, 2016, authorities had approved the arrests of four advocates and released two on bail, while another remained missing. These detentions followed increasing harassment of labor rights advocates and restrictions on labor NGOs. The crackdown in Guangdong also occurred against the backdrop of a slowing manufacturing sector and increasing worker strikes and protests. Guangdong provincial authorities’ ongoing restrictions on labor NGOs contravene international standards on the freedom of association as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and International Labor Organization (ILO) Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.

On December 3, 2015, public security officials in Guangzhou and Foshan municipalities detained at least 18 labor rights advocates affiliated with several labor NGOs.[1] On December 15, the international human rights NGO Rights Defense Network (RDN) reported that local police had criminally detained Zeng Feiyang, Zhu Xiaomei, He Xiaobo, Peng Jiayong, and Deng Xiaoming, and taken Meng Han and Tang Jian into custody.[2] On December 22, an article appearing in the state-run news agency Xinhua reported that police had taken “criminal coercive measures” against seven individuals: Zeng Feiyang, Zhu Xiaomei, He Xiaobo, Meng Han, Peng Jiayong, Deng Xiaoming, and Tang Jian.[3] RDN reported on January 8 that procuratorates in Foshan and Panyu district, Guangzhou, had approved the arrests of Zeng, Zhu, He, and Meng.[4] Authorities released Deng and Peng on bail.[5] The status of Tang remained unclear.[6]

According to Chinese and international observers, authorities targeted these individuals due to their labor rights advocacy and ties to NGOs.[7] Radio Free Asia quoted one labor rights advocate who said authorities seemed to be focusing on the NGO Panyu Workers’ Services Center (Panyu).[8] The December 22 Xinhua article accused Panyu’s director Zeng Feiyang of taking money from workers and mismanaging funds.[9] The article claimed Panyu was an “illegal organization” that had received foreign funding, “seriously disrupted social order,” and “trampled on the rights and interests of workers.”[10] Several workers who knew Zeng disputed the Xinhua report, saying that he had never taken their money.[11] Human rights advocates called the Xinhua article a “smear campaign,” and one expert argued that making such accusations in state-run media “deprives [the advocates] of any chance to have a fair trial.”[12]

Detained Labor Rights Advocates[13]

  • Zeng Feiyang: Arrested for “gathering a crowd to disturb social order.”[14] Zeng previously worked as a lawyer, often representing firms in labor disputes, but later decided he wanted to help workers and began working for Panyu.[15] At the time of his detention, Zeng was the director of Panyu.[16]
  • Zhu Xiaomei: Arrested for “gathering a crowd to disturb social order.”[17] Zhu left home as a migrant worker at age 16.[18] After her employer fired her for representing coworkers in a workplace dispute,[19] Zhu sued the company for wrongful termination and won.[20] She then began working for Panyu.[21]
  • He Xiaobo: Arrested for “embezzlement.”[22] A former migrant worker, He lost three fingers in a workplace accident.[23] After a Panyu volunteer told He about workers’ compensation, he began to volunteer with Panyu.[24] He then founded Nan Fei Yan Social Work Services Center (Nan Fei Yan) in Foshan to assist migrant workers who had suffered workplace injuries.[25]
  • Meng Han: Arrested for “gathering a crowd to disturb social order.”[26] Meng previously worked as a security guard at a Guangzhou hospital.[27] After Meng served as a workers’ representative in a labor dispute, Guangzhou police criminally detained Meng and 11 other security guards in August 2013.[28] In April 2014, the Baiyun District People’s Court in Guangzhou sentenced Meng to nine months in prison for “gathering a crowd to disturb social order.”[29] After his release, Meng began working for Panyu.[30]
  • Peng Jiayong: Released on bail.[31] According to China Change, Peng was fired from a previous job for taking part in union elections and collective bargaining.[32] Peng then began working with labor NGOs including Panyu and Haige Labor Services Center (Haige), and founded the Laborer Mutual Aid Group in May 2015.[33]
  • Deng Xiaoming: Released on bail.[34] Deng worked with the NGO Haige.[35] Panyu reportedly assisted Deng when he injured his finger in a workplace accident at age 17, and he then began working with labor NGOs.[36]
  • Tang Jian: Status unclear.[37] RDN reported that authorities detained Tang in Beijing municipality.[38] Also known as Tang Huanxing or Bei Guo,[39] Tang is a former employee of Panyu.[40]

Deteriorating Environment for Labor NGOs

The Financial Times reported in March 2015 that over 30 grassroots labor NGOs operated in the Pearl River delta region of Guangdong province.[41] These NGOs help injured workers seek compensation, provide educational and other services to migrant workers, and train workers in collective bargaining and defending their legal rights.[42]

Authorities have long subjected labor NGOs to various forms of harassment,[43] but labor rights advocates reported increased pressure from authorities beginning in 2014.[44] Employees of labor NGOs noted greater difficulties registering their organizations and restrictions on foreign funding.[45] Authorities prevented Zeng Feiyang from leaving mainland China several times in 2014.[46] In December 2014, four unidentified men beat Zeng in the Panyu office.[47] In April 2015, police in Zhongshan municipality, Guangdong, interrogated Peng Jiayong.[48] Immediately following his release, a group of unidentified assailants abducted Peng and beat him.[49] In May 2015, security officials in Guangzhou detained labor rights advocate Liu Shaoming, later charging him with “inciting subversion of state power.”[50]

Guangdong provincial authorities’ ongoing restrictions on labor NGOs contravene international standards on the freedom of association, including Articles 20 and 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Article 2(a) of the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.[51] International observers noted that government suppression of a wide range of civil society groups increased in 2015.[52]

Labor Disputes Increasing, Government-Controlled Union Ineffective

As harassment of labor NGOs has increased, economic growth in China has slowed, particularly in the manufacturing sector.[53] Meanwhile, China Labour Bulletin reports that worker strikes and protests have also increased significantly, though some of the observed increase may be due to better reporting.[54]

Strikes and Labor Protests, 2013 to 2015[55]

Year

Guangdong Manufacturing Sector

Guangdong Total

China Total

2013

159

243

656

2014

204

300

1379

2015

267

418

2774

 

In an October 2015 open letter, the employees of Nan Fei Yan argued that with labor conflicts in the Pearl River delta region “growing sharper,” there remained a need for NGOs.[56] The government-controlled All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) is the only trade union organization permitted under Chinese law,[57] contravening international law.[58] Labor advocates argue that the ACFTU has been ineffective in representing workers defending their rights.[59] One labor advocate said to Radio Free Asia, “The labor movement . . . was doing what the ACFTU should have done.”[60]

For more information on the labor rights advocates’ cases, see the Commission’s Political Prisoner Database.

For more information on labor rights in China, see Section II—Worker Rights in the CECC 2015 Annual Report, pp. 84–100.

For more on the suppression of civil society in China, see Section II—Status of Women, pp.172–183; Section III—Civil Society, pp. 223–235; and Section III—Access to Justice, pp. 267–280 of the CECC 2015 Annual Report.



[1] Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html); Tom Phillips, “Call for China To Free Labour Activists or Risk Backlash From Frustrated Workforce,” Guardian, 9 December 15 (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/10/china-labour-rights-crackdown); Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders); Rights Defense Network, “Police Suddenly Crack Down on Four Guangdong Labor NGOs, ‘Haige Labor Services Center,’ ‘Panyu Workers’ Services Center,’ ‘Sunflower Women Workers’ Center,’ ‘Nan Fei Yan,’ Leaders and Workers Disappear After Being Taken Away” [Guangdong si laogong NGO “hai ge laogong fuwu bu”, “panyu dagongzu”, “xiangyanghua nugong zhongxin”, “nan fei yan” turan zaodao jingfang daya, fuzeren ji yuangong bei daizou hou shilian], 3 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo.html).

[2] Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html).

[3] Zou Wei, “Behind the Halo of the ‘Star of the Labor Movement’—‘Panyu Workers’ Services Center’ Manager Zeng Feiyang and Others Investigated as Suspects in Serious Crimes” [Jiekai “gong yun zhi xing” guanghuan de beihou—“panyu dagongzu wenzhu chuli fuwu bu” zhuren zeng feiyang deng ren shexian yanzhong fanzui anjian diaocha,” Xinhua, 22 December 15 (https://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-12/22/c_1117546098.htm). Tang Jian is also referred to as Tang Huanxing and Bei Guo. Rights Defense Network, “Labor Public Interest Volunteers: 12/3 Labor NGO Case Lawyers and Legal Assistance Teams Arranged” [Laogong gongyi zhiyuanzhe: 12.3 laogong NGO an daili lushi ji falu yuanzhu tuan zucheng], 22 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/123ngo.html); Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html).

[4] Rights Defense Network, “’12/3 Guangzhou Labor NGO Case’ Arrests Approved Today for Four Individuals, One Released, Whereabouts of Two Unknown” [“12.3 guangzhou laogong NGO an” jin si ren bei pizhun daibu, yi ren huoshi, liang ren wu xialuo], 8 January 16 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2016/01/123.html); Sui-Lee Wee, “China Arrests Four Labor Activists Amid Crackdown: Lawyers,” Reuters, 10 January 16 (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-idUSKCN0UO05M20160110).

[5] “Four Detained Labor Rights Defenders Arrested, Two Out on Bail, Attack Aimed at Panyu Workers’ Services Center” [Bei zhua lao wei renshi si pibu liang qubao maotou zhi zhi panyu dagongzu], Radio Free Asia, 10 January 16 (https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/yf2-01102016104802.html). Human Rights in China translates bail (qubao houshen), as “release on guarantee pending further investigation.” By releasing Deng and Peng on bail, authorities may continue to restrict their freedom of movement, summon them for further questioning, and monitor them for up to 12 months. Human Rights in China, “HRIC Law Note: Five Detained Women Released on ‘Guarantee Pending Further Investigation,’” 13 April 15 (https://www.hrichina.org/en/legal-resources/hric-law-note-five-detained-women-released-guarantee-pending-further-investigation). For relevant Chinese legal provisions, see PRC Criminal Procedure Law [Zhonghua renmin gongheguo xingshi susong fa], passed 1 July 79, amended 17 March 96, 14 March 12, effective 1 January 13, arts. 65–72, 77 (https://china.caixin.com/2012-03-18/100369670.html); Ministry of Public Security, Public Security Procedural Regulations on Handling Criminal Cases [Gong’an jiguan banli xingshi anjian chengxu guiding], issued 13 December 12, effective 1 January 13, arts. 77, 85, 86, 89 (https://www.mps.gov.cn/n16/n1282/n3493/n3823/n442421/3486957.html).

[6] Rights Defense Network, “’12/3 Guangzhou Labor NGO Case’ Arrests Approved Today for Four Individuals, One Released, Whereabouts of Two Unknown” [“12.3 guangzhou laogong NGO an” jin si ren bei pizhun daibu, yi ren huoshi, liang ren wu xialuo], 8 January 16 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2016/01/123.html); “Arrests Approved for 4 Members of Labor Groups” [Laogong tuanti 4 chengyuan bei pibu], Radio Free Asia, 8 January 16 (https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/labor-01082016090655.html).

[7] Human Rights Watch, “China: Persecution of Labor Activists Escalates,” 13 January 16 (https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/13/china-persecution-labor-activists-escalates); Cherie Chan, “Labor Rights Movements Gaining Momentum in China,” Deutsche Welle, 5 January 16 (https://www.dw.com/en/labor-rights-movements-gaining-momentum-in-china/a-18959557); Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders); “Guangdong Labor NGOs ‘Were Doing the Job of a Trade Union’: Activists,” Radio Free Asia, 23 December 15 (https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/union-12232015132130.html).

[8] “Four Detained Labor Rights Defenders Arrested, Two Out on Bail, Attack Aimed at Panyu Workers’ Services Center” [Bei zhua lao wei renshi si pibu liang qubao maotou zhi zhi panyu dagongzu], Radio Free Asia, 10 January 16 (https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/yf2-01102016104802.html).

[9] Zou Wei, “Behind the Halo of the ‘Star of the Labor Movement’—‘Panyu Workers’ Services Center’ Manager Zeng Feiyang and Others Investigated as Suspects in Serious Crimes” [Jiekai “gong yun zhi xing” guanghuan de beihou—“panyu dagongzu wenzhu chuli fuwu bu” zhuren zeng feiyang deng ren shexian yanzhong fanzui anjian diaocha,” Xinhua, 22 December 15 (https://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-12/22/c_1117546098.htm).

[10] Zou Wei, “Behind the Halo of the ‘Star of the Labor Movement’—‘Panyu Workers’ Services Center’ Manager Zeng Feiyang and Others Investigated as Suspects in Serious Crimes” [Jiekai “gong yun zhi xing” guanghuan de beihou—“panyu dagongzu wenzhu chuli fuwu bu” zhuren zeng feiyang deng ren shexian yanzhong fanzui anjian diaocha,” Xinhua, 22 December 15 (https://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-12/22/c_1117546098.htm).

[11] China Labour Bulletin, “Workers Speak Out in Support of Detained Labour Activists in Guangdong,” 5 January 16 (https://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/workers-speak-out-support-detained-labour-activists-guangdong).

[12] China Labour Bulletin, “Workers Speak Out in Support of Detained Labour Activists in Guangdong,” 5 January 16 (https://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/workers-speak-out-support-detained-labour-activists-guangdong); “Guangdong Labor NGOs ‘Were Doing the Job of a Trade Union’: Activists,” Radio Free Asia, 23 December 15 (https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/union-12232015132130.html); Mimi Lau, “State Media Accuses Detained Labour Activists of Litany of Offences,” South China Morning Post, 23 December 15 (www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1893988/state-media-accuses-detained-labour-activists-litany).

[13] For more information on the labor rights advocates and their cases, see the following records in the Commission’s Political Prisoner Database: 2014-00026 on Meng Han, 2015-00427 on Zeng Feiyang, 2015-00428 on Zhu Xiaomei, 2015-00431 on He Xiaobo, 2015-00435 on Deng Xiaoming, 2015-00437 on Peng Jiayong, and 2016-00017 on Tang Jian.

[14] Rights Defense Network, “’12/3 Guangzhou Labor NGO Case’ Arrests Approved Today for Four Individuals, One Released, Whereabouts of Two Unknown” [“12.3 guangzhou laogong NGO an” jin si ren bei pizhun daibu, yi ren huoshi, liang ren wu xialuo], 8 January 16 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2016/01/123.html); “Four Detained Labor Rights Defenders Arrested, Two Out on Bail, Attack Aimed at Panyu Workers’ Services Center” [Bei zhua lao wei renshi si pibu liang qubao maotou zhi zhi panyu dagongzu], Radio Free Asia, 10 January 16 (https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/yf2-01102016104802.html); PRC Criminal Law [Zhonghua renmin gongheguo xingfa], passed 1 July 79, amended 14 March 97, effective 1 October 97, amended 25 December 99, 31 August 01, 29 December 01, 28 December 02, 28 February 05, 29 June 06, 28 February 09, 25 February 11, 29 August 15, effective 1 November 15, art. 290 (www.lawtime.cn/faguizt/23.html).

[15] Red Balloon Solidarity, “Sunday Topic: They Promoted the Rights and Interests of Migrants, but Spent Migrant’s Day in a Detention Center” [Zhouri huati: tamen wei yimingong shenzhang quanyi yimin ri que zai kanshousuo duguo], Ming Pao, 19 December 15 (https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20151220/s00005/1450547687924); Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders); Zhen Jinghui, “Zeng Feiyang: A Labor NGO’s Fight for Survival” [Zeng feiyang: yi ge laogong NGO de jiafeng shengcun], South Reviews, 27 March 10 (https://web.archive.org/web/20150602153557/https://www.nfcmag.com/article/1988.html).

[16] Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html); Red Balloon Solidarity, “Sunday Topic: They Promoted the Rights and Interests of Migrants, but Spent Migrant’s Day in a Detention Center” [Zhouri huati: tamen wei yimingong shenzhang quanyi yimin ri que zai kanshousuo duguo], Ming Pao, 19 December 15 (https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20151220/s00005/1450547687924). For additional information on Panyu Workers’ Services Center, see Zhen Jinghui, “Zeng Feiyang: A Labor NGO’s Fight for Survival” [Zeng feiyang: yi ge laogong NGO de jiafeng shengcun], South Reviews, 27 March 10 (https://web.archive.org/web/20150602153557/https://www.nfcmag.com/article/1988.html).

[17] Rights Defense Network, “’12/3 Guangzhou Labor NGO Case’ Arrests Approved Today for Four Individuals, One Released, Whereabouts of Two Unknown” [“12.3 guangzhou laogong NGO an” jin si ren bei pizhun daibu, yi ren huoshi, liang ren wu xialuo], 8 January 16 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2016/01/123.html); “Four Detained Labor Rights Defenders Arrested, Two Out on Bail, Attack Aimed at Panyu Workers’ Services Center” [Bei zhua lao wei renshi si pibu liang qubao maotou zhi zhi panyu dagongzu], Radio Free Asia, 10 January 16 (https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/yf2-01102016104802.html); PRC Criminal Law [Zhonghua renmin gongheguo xingfa], passed 1 July 79, amended 14 March 97, effective 1 October 97, amended 25 December 99, 31 August 01, 29 December 01, 28 December 02, 28 February 05, 29 June 06, 28 February 09, 25 February 11, 29 August 15, effective 1 November 15, art. 290 (www.lawtime.cn/faguizt/23.html).

[18] Red Balloon Solidarity, “Sunday Topic: They Promoted the Rights and Interests of Migrants, but Spent Migrant’s Day in a Detention Center” [Zhouri huati: tamen wei yimingong shenzhang quanyi yimin ri que zai kanshousuo duguo], Ming Pao, 19 December 15 (https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20151220/s00005/1450547687924); Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders).

[19] Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html); Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders).

[20] Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders); Red Balloon Solidarity, “Sunday Topic: They Promoted the Rights and Interests of Migrants, but Spent Migrant’s Day in a Detention Center” [Zhouri huati: tamen wei yimingong shenzhang quanyi yimin ri que zai kanshousuo duguo], Ming Pao, 19 December 15 (https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20151220/s00005/1450547687924).

[21] Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html); Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders).

[22] Rights Defense Network, “’12/3 Guangzhou Labor NGO Case’ Arrests Approved Today for Four Individuals, One Released, Whereabouts of Two Unknown” [“12.3 guangzhou laogong NGO an” jin si ren bei pizhun daibu, yi ren huoshi, liang ren wu xialuo], 8 January 16 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2016/01/123.html); “Four Detained Labor Rights Defenders Arrested, Two Out on Bail, Attack Aimed at Panyu Workers’ Services Center” [Bei zhua lao wei renshi si pibu liang qubao maotou zhi zhi panyu dagongzu], Radio Free Asia, 10 January 16 (https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/yf2-01102016104802.html);  PRC Criminal Law [Zhonghua renmin gongheguo xingfa], passed 1 July 79, amended 14 March 97, effective 1 October 97, amended 25 December 99, 31 August 01, 29 December 01, 28 December 02, 28 February 05, 29 June 06, 28 February 09, 25 February 11, 29 August 15, effective 1 November 15, art. 183 (www.lawtime.cn/faguizt/23.html).

[23] Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders); Red Balloon Solidarity, “Sunday Topic: They Promoted the Rights and Interests of Migrants, but Spent Migrant’s Day in a Detention Center” [Zhouri huati: tamen wei yimingong shenzhang quanyi yimin ri que zai kanshousuo duguo], Ming Pao, 19 December 15 (https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20151220/s00005/1450547687924).

[24] Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders).

[25] Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders); Red Balloon Solidarity, “Sunday Topic: They Promoted the Rights and Interests of Migrants, but Spent Migrant’s Day in a Detention Center” [Zhouri huati: tamen wei yimingong shenzhang quanyi yimin ri que zai kanshousuo duguo], Ming Pao, 19 December 15 (https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20151220/s00005/1450547687924); Nan Fei Yan Social Work Services Center, “’Dead End’ An Open Letter From Labor Rights Defense Organization Nan Fei Yan” [“Ci lu butong” zhi laogong weiquan zuzhi nan fei yan de gongkai xin], reprinted in New Citizens Movement (blog), 19 October 15 (https://xgmyd.com/archives/22317). See also “Organization Introduction” [Jigou jianjie], Nan Fei Yan Social Work Services Center, last visited 11 January 16 (www.nfyngo.org/subpages/info/aboutus.aspx).

[26] Rights Defense Network, “’12/3 Guangzhou Labor NGO Case’ Arrests Approved Today for Four Individuals, One Released, Whereabouts of Two Unknown” [“12.3 guangzhou laogong NGO an” jin si ren bei pizhun daibu, yi ren huoshi, liang ren wu xialuo], 8 January 16 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2016/01/123.html); “Four Detained Labor Rights Defenders Arrested, Two Out on Bail, Attack Aimed at Panyu Workers’ Services Center” [Bei zhua lao wei renshi si pibu liang qubao maotou zhi zhi panyu dagongzu], Radio Free Asia, 10 January 16 (https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/yf2-01102016104802.html); PRC Criminal Law [Zhonghua renmin gongheguo xingfa], passed 1 July 79, amended 14 March 97, effective 1 October 97, amended 25 December 99, 31 August 01, 29 December 01, 28 December 02, 28 February 05, 29 June 06, 28 February 09, 25 February 11, 29 August 15, effective 1 November 15, art. 290 (www.lawtime.cn/faguizt/23.html).

[27] Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html); Red Balloon Solidarity, “Sunday Topic: They Promoted the Rights and Interests of Migrants, but Spent Migrant’s Day in a Detention Center” [Zhouri huati: tamen wei yimingong shenzhang quanyi yimin ri que zai kanshousuo duguo], Ming Pao, 19 December 15 (https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20151220/s00005/1450547687924).

[28] Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html); Rights Defense Network, “Gathering a Crowd To Disturb Social Order Trial Opens for 12 Guangzhou Hospital Security Guards” [Guangzhou 12 ming yiyuan bao’an juzhong raoluan shehui zhixu an kaiting], 23 January 14 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2014/01/12_23.html).

[29] Red Balloon Solidarity, “Sunday Topic: They Promoted the Rights and Interests of Migrants, but Spent Migrant’s Day in a Detention Center” [Zhouri huati: tamen wei yimingong shenzhang quanyi yimin ri que zai kanshousuo duguo], Ming Pao, 19 December 15 (https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20151220/s00005/1450547687924); Rights Defense Network, “Gathering a Crowd To Disturb Social Order Trial Opens for 12 Guangzhou Hospital Security Guards” [Guangzhou 12 ming yiyuan bao’an juzhong raoluan shehui zhixu an kaiting], 23 January 14 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2014/01/12_23.html); China Labour Bulletin, “Workers’ Leader Vows To Fight on After Release From Nine Months’ Detention,” 19 May 14 (https://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/workers%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2-leader-vows-fight-after-release-nine-months%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2-detention); PRC Criminal Law [Zhonghua renmin gongheguo xingfa], passed 1 July 79, amended 14 March 97, effective 1 October 97, amended 25 December 99, 31 August 01, 29 December 01, 28 December 02, 28 February 05, 29 June 06, 28 February 09, 25 February 11, 29 August 15, effective 1 November 15, art. 290 (www.lawtime.cn/faguizt/23.html).

[30] Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html).

[31] “Four Detained Labor Rights Defenders Arrested, Two Out on Bail, Attack Aimed at Panyu Workers’ Services Center” [Bei zhua lao wei renshi si pibu liang qubao maotou zhi zhi panyu dagongzu], Radio Free Asia, 10 January 16 (https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/yf2-01102016104802.html).

[32] Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders).

[33] Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders).

[34] “Four Detained Labor Rights Defenders Arrested, Two Out on Bail, Attack Aimed at Panyu Workers’ Services Center” [Bei zhua lao wei renshi si pibu liang qubao maotou zhi zhi panyu dagongzu], Radio Free Asia, 10 January 16 (https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/yf2-01102016104802.html).

[35] Rights Defense Network, “Police Suddenly Crack Down on Four Guangdong Labor NGOs, ‘Haige Labor Services Center,’ ‘Panyu Workers’ Services Center,’ ‘Sunflower Women Workers’ Center,’ ‘Nan Fei Yan,’ Leaders and Workers Disappear After Being Taken Away” [Guangdong si laogong NGO “hai ge laogong fuwu bu”, “panyu dagongzu”, “xiangyanghua nugong zhongxin”, “nan fei yan” turan zaodao jingfang daya, fuzeren ji yuangong bei daizou hou shilian], 3 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo.html); Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html).

[36] Red Balloon Solidarity, “Sunday Topic: They Promoted the Rights and Interests of Migrants, but Spent Migrant’s Day in a Detention Center” [Zhouri huati: tamen wei yimingong shenzhang quanyi yimin ri que zai kanshousuo duguo], Ming Pao, 19 December 15 (https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20151220/s00005/1450547687924).

[37] Rights Defense Network, “’12/3 Guangzhou Labor NGO Case’ Arrests Approved Today for Four Individuals, One Released, Whereabouts of Two Unknown” [“12.3 guangzhou laogong NGO an” jin si ren bei pizhun daibu, yi ren huoshi, liang ren wu xialuo], 8 January 16 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2016/01/123.html); “Arrests Approved for 4 Members of Labor Groups” [Laogong tuanti 4 chengyuan bei pibu], Radio Free Asia, 8 January 16 (https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/labor-01082016090655.html).

[38] Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html).

[39] Rights Defense Network, “Labor Public Interest Volunteers: 12/3 Labor NGO Case Lawyers and Legal Assistance Teams Arranged” [Laogong gongyi zhiyuanzhe: 12.3 laogong NGO an daili lushi ji falu yuanzhu tuan zucheng], 22 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/123ngo.html); Rights Defense Network, “’12/3 Guangzhou Labor NGO Case’ Arrests Approved Today for Four Individuals, One Released, Whereabouts of Two Unknown” [“12.3 guangzhou laogong NGO an” jin si ren bei pizhun daibu, yi ren huoshi, liang ren wu xialuo], 8 January 16 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2016/01/123.html).

[40] Rights Defense Network, “’12/3 Guangzhou Labor NGO Case’ Arrests Approved for Four Individuals” [“12.3 guangzhou laogong NGO an” jin si ren bei pizhun daibu], 8 January 16; Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html).

[41] Red Balloon Solidarity, “Sunday Topic: They Promoted the Rights and Interests of Migrants, but Spent Migrant’s Day in a Detention Center” [Zhouri huati: tamen wei yimingong shenzhang quanyi yimin ri que zai kanshousuo duguo], Ming Pao, 19 December 15 (https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20151220/s00005/1450547687924); Feng Renke and Li Linjin, “The Plight of Chinese Labor Rights NGOs” [Zhongguo laogong weiquan NGO de kunjing], Financial Times, 2 March 15 (www.ftchinese.com/story/001060495?full=y).

[42] Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders). See also Nan Fei Yan Social Work Services Center, “’Dead End’ An Open Letter From Labor Rights Defense Organization Nan Fei Yan” [“Ci lu butong” zhi laogong weiquan zuzhi nan fei yan de gongkai xin], reprinted in New Citizens Movement (blog), 19 October 15 (https://xgmyd.com/archives/22317).

[43] Red Balloon Solidarity, “Sunday Topic: They Promoted the Rights and Interests of Migrants, but Spent Migrant’s Day in a Detention Center” [Zhouri huati: tamen wei yimingong shenzhang quanyi yimin ri que zai kanshousuo duguo], Ming Pao, 19 December 15 (https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20151220/s00005/1450547687924); Tom Phillips, “Call for China To Free Labour Activists or Risk Backlash From Frustrated Workforce,” Guardian, 9 December 15 (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/10/china-labour-rights-crackdown); Eli Friedman, Aaron Halegua, and Jerome A. Cohen, “Cruel Irony: China’s Communists Are Stamping Out Labor Activism,” Washington Post, 3 January 16 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/cruel-irony-chinas-communists-are-stamping-out-labor-activism/2016/01/03/99e986f2-b0bb-11e5-b820-eea4d64be2a1_story.html).

[44] Nan Fei Yan Social Work Services Center, “’Dead End’ An Open Letter From Labor Rights Defense Organization Nan Fei Yan” [“Ci lu butong” zhi laogong weiquan zuzhi nan fei yan de gongkai xin], reprinted in New Citizens Movement (blog), 19 October 15 (https://xgmyd.com/archives/22317); Feng Renke and Li Linjin, “The Plight of Chinese Labor Rights NGOs” [Zhongguo laogong weiquan NGO de kunjing], Financial Times, 2 March 15 (www.ftchinese.com/story/001060495?full=y); Alexandra Harney, “China Labor Activists Say Facing Unprecedented Intimidation,” Reuters, 21 January 15 (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-labour-idUSKBN0KU13V20150121).

[45] Nan Fei Yan Social Work Services Center, “’Dead End’ An Open Letter From Labor Rights Defense Organization Nan Fei Yan” [“Ci lu butong” zhi laogong weiquan zuzhi nan fei yan de gongkai xin], reprinted in New Citizens Movement (blog), 19 October 15 (https://xgmyd.com/archives/22317); Feng Renke and Li Linjin, “The Plight of Chinese Labor Rights NGOs” [Zhongguo laogong weiquan NGO de kunjing], Financial Times, 2 March 15 (www.ftchinese.com/story/001060495?full=y); Alexandra Harney, “China Labor Activists Say Facing Unprecedented Intimidation,” Reuters, 21 January 15 (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-labour-idUSKBN0KU13V20150121).

[46] Feng Renke and Li Linjin, “The Plight of Chinese Labor Rights NGOs” [Zhongguo laogong weiquan NGO de kunjing], Financial Times, 2 March 15 (www.ftchinese.com/story/001060495?full=y).

[47] Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html); Feng Renke and Li Linjin, “The Plight of Chinese Labor Rights NGOs” [Zhongguo laogong weiquan NGO de kunjing], Financial Times, 2 March 15 (www.ftchinese.com/story/001060495?full=y).

[48] Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html); Rights Defense Network, “Guangdong Labor Rights Advocates Suffer Attacks at Entrance to Police Station” [Guangdong laogong weiquan renshi lianxu zai paichusuo menkou yu xi], 4 April 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/04/blog-post_61.html).

[49] Rights Defense Network, “Detained Guangdong Labor NGO Member Zhu Xiaomei Applies for Bail Because Child Still Nursing, Application Rejected, Currently Five NGO Members Criminally Detained, Two Forcibly Disappeared (Introduction to 7 Detained NGO Members Attached)” [Guangdong bei zhua laogong NGO chengyuan zhu xiaomei yin haizi reng zai buru qi shenqing qubao bei ju muqian gong wu ming NGO chengyuan zao xingju, liang wei zao qiangpo shizong (fu 7 wei bei zhua NGO chengyuan jianjie)], 15 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo-ngo-7ngo.html); Rights Defense Network, “Guangdong Labor Rights Advocates Suffer Attacks at Entrance to Police Station” [Guangdong laogong weiquan renshi lianxu zai paichusuo menkou yu xi], 4 April 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/04/blog-post_61.html).

[50] Rights Defense Network, “Guangdong Labor Rights Defender Liu Shaoming Allowed To Meet Lawyer for First Time in ‘Inciting Subversion of State Power Case’” [Guangdong laogong weiquan renshi liu shaoming “shandong dianfu guojia zhengquan zui an” diyi ci huo zhun huijian lushi], 7 November 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/11/blog-post_21.html); Rights Defense Network, “Police Suddenly Crack Down on Four Guangdong Labor NGOs, ‘Haige Labor Services Center,’ ‘Panyu Workers’ Services Center,’ ‘Sunflower Women Workers’ Center,’ ‘Nan Fei Yan,’ Leaders and Workers Disappear After Being Taken Away” [Guangdong si laogong NGO “haige laogong fuwu bu”, “panyu dagongzu”, “xiangyanghua nugong zhongxin”, “nan fei yan” turan zaodao jingfang daya, fuzeren ji yuangong bei daizou hou shilian], 3 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo.html); Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders). See also the Commission’s Political Prisoner Database record 2015-00216 for additional information on Liu Shaoming’s case.

[51] International Labour Organization, ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, 18 June 98, art. 2(a) (https://www.ilo.org/declaration/thedeclaration/textdeclaration/lang--en/index.htm); Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted and proclaimed by UN General Assembly resolution 217A (III) of 10 December 48, arts. 20(1), 23(1), 23(4) (https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html); International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 66, entry into force 23 March 76, art. 22(1) (https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx).

[52] Yaxue Cao, “Chinese Authorities Orchestrate Surprise Raid of Labor NGOs in Guangdong, Arresting Leaders,” China Change, 10 December 15 (https://chinachange.org/2015/12/10/chinese-authorities-orchestrate-surprise-raid-of-labor-ngos-in-guangdong-arresting-leaders); Eli Friedman, Aaron Halegua, and Jerome A. Cohen, “Cruel Irony: China’s Communists Are Stamping Out Labor Activism,” Washington Post, 3 January 16 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/cruel-irony-chinas-communists-are-stamping-out-labor-activism/2016/01/03/99e986f2-b0bb-11e5-b820-eea4d64be2a1_story.html). See also CECC, 2015 Annual Report, 8 October 15, 173, 223–34, 270–72.

[53] See, e.g., Duncan Hewitt, “Fear of Slowing Economic Growth in China Spreads to Prosperous Pearl River Delta Region,” International Business Times, 22 December 15 (https://www.ibtimes.com/fear-slowing-economic-growth-china-spreads-prosperous-pearl-river-delta-region-2226079); Mark Magnier, “China’s Workers Are Fighting Back as Economic Dream Fades,” Wall Street Journal, 14 December 15 (https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-workers-are-fighting-back-as-economic-dream-fades-1450145329); Caixin and Markit, “Caixin China General Manufacturing PMI,” 4 January 16 (https://www.markiteconomics.com/Survey/PressRelease.mvc/e6830696067b4dc5a055eee1b0cd1e70).

[54] China Labour Bulletin, “CLB Strike Map,” last visited 6 January 15 (https://strikemap.clb.org.hk/strikes/en); China Labour Bulletin, “Strikes and Protests by China’s Workers Soar to Record Heights in 2015,” 7 January 16 (https://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/strikes-and-protests-china%E2%80%99s-workers-soar-record-heights-2015).

[55] China Labour Bulletin, “CLB Strike Map,” last visited 6 January 15 (https://strikemap.clb.org.hk/strikes/en).

[56] Nan Fei Yan Social Work Services Center, “’Dead End’ An Open Letter From Labor Rights Defense Organization Nan Fei Yan” [“Ci lu butong” zhi laogong weiquan zuzhi nan fei yan de gongkai xin], reprinted in New Citizens Movement (blog), 19 October 15 (https://xgmyd.com/archives/22317).

[57] PRC Trade Union Law [Zhonghua renmin gongheguo gonghui fa], passed and effective 3 April 92, amended 27 October 01, arts. 10–11 (https://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-08/05/content_20697.htm).

[58] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted and proclaimed by UN General Assembly resolution 217A (III) of 10 December 48, art. 23(4) (https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html); ILO Convention (No. 87) Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize, 4 July 50, arts. 2, 3, 5 (https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312232); International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 66, entry into force 3 January 76, art. 8 (www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_cescr.htm).

[59] Rights Defense Network, “Letter From Labor and Other Sectors to CPC, NPC, and State Council on Strike Hard Campaign Against Guangdong Labor NGO Employees” [Zhongguo laogong jie he shehui ge jie renshi jiu guangdong laogong NGO gongzuozhe zaoyu yanli daji zhi zhonggong zhongyang, quanguo renda, guowuyuan yijian shu], 11 December 15 (https://wqw2010.blogspot.com/2015/12/ngo_11.html). See also “’They Tore Through Everything’: Labour Activists Increasingly Targeted in Civil Rights Crackdown in China, Say Supporters,” Agence France-Presse, reprinted in South China Morning Post, 15 January 16 (https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1901327/they-tore-through-everything-labour-activists).

[60] “Guangdong Labor NGOs ‘Were Doing the Job of a Trade Union’: Activists,” Radio Free Asia, 23 December 15 (https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/union-12232015132130.html).